Stone Glossary
Clear, easy-to-understand meanings of terms used in granite, marble, quartzite, sandstone, and the natural stone industry.
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A
Abrasion Resistance
Ability of stone to resist wear from friction.
Category:
Material Properties
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The natural or finished property of a stone surface that allows it to withstand abrasion caused by friction, traffic, or mechanical contact.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Abrasive Finish
A flat, non-reflective surface finish.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A surface treatment that leaves the stone flat, dull, and non-reflective, commonly used for slip-resistant or rustic appearances.
Also known as:
Non-reflective finish
Related terms:
Abrasive Hardness
Measurement of abrasion resistance.
Category:
Material Properties
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The hardness rating of a stone that indicates its resistance to surface wear, commonly referenced for flooring, stair treads, and high-traffic surfaces.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Absorption
How much liquid a stone can absorb.
Category:
Material Properties
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The process by which stone takes in water or other liquids into its pores. High absorption can indicate susceptibility to stains and freeze–thaw damage.
Also known as:
Water absorption
Related terms:
Abutment
Support structure for arches and beams.
Category:
Construction & Fabrication
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A structural support element that carries the lateral or vertical load of an arch, beam, truss, or masonry assembly.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Accelerator
Material added to speed curing.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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A chemical additive used in epoxies, resins, and mortars to reduce setting time and speed up the curing process.
Also known as:
Curing accelerator
Related terms:
Acid Wash
Chemical or mechanical etching technique.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A finishing process using acids or mechanical abrasion to lightly etch or distress a stone surface for a textured or aged look.
Also known as:
Acid-etched finish
Related terms:
Acrylic Emulsions
Acrylic-based latex used in coatings.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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Water-based latex systems made from acrylic polymers used in coatings, adhesives, sealers, and grouts for improved flexibility and durability.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Acrylics
Acrylic polymer resins used in stone coatings.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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Resins composed of acrylic acids, used in paints, sealers, grouts, and caulks for protective or aesthetic stone treatments.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Active Solids
Solids content in a coating formula.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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The portion of ingredients in a coating that remain after curing, expressed as a percentage of total weight. Determines coating durability and performance.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Adhered
Veneer attached using bonding agents.
Category:
Installation Method
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A method of securing stone veneer to a surface using adhesives or bonding agents rather than mechanical anchors.
Also known as:
Adhered veneer
Adoquin
Volcanic stone with colorful aggregates.
Category:
Stone Type
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A volcanic-based stone containing pumice and quartz aggregates, available in various colors and often used for paving and architectural details.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Agate
Variegated quartz with layered patterns.
Category:
Stone Type
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A form of chalcedony quartz characterized by veins, bands, and cloud-like patterns, available in many colors and used for decorative stone surfaces.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Agglomerate
Engineered stone made from chips + resin.
Category:
Engineered Stone
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A man-made stone product created by binding natural stone chips with resins and pigments to mimic the look of natural quarried stone.
Also known as:
Engineered marble
Composite stone
Related terms:
Aggregate
Natural or man-made fragments in mortar.
Category:
Construction & Fabrication
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Granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone added to mortar, concrete, or resins to create solid surfaces or improve structural integrity.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Alabaster
Soft, translucent gypsum stone.
Category:
Stone Type
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A fine-grained gypsum stone known for its smooth texture and translucent quality, commonly used for carvings and decorative products.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Alteration
Change or modification to structure.
Category:
Construction & Fabrication
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Alumina
Aluminum oxide compound.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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A chemical compound known as aluminum oxide, often used in abrasives, polishing materials, and industrial stone processing.
Also known as:
Aluminum oxide
Related terms:
Aluminum Stearate
Anti-settling agent used in coatings.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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A compound added to paints, varnishes, and cement mixtures to prevent settling and improve suspension of pigments and additives.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Ambient Temperature
Surrounding environmental temperature.
Category:
Environmental Factors
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The temperature of the surrounding environment, relevant for stone installation, curing, and chemical application.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Anhydrous
A substance containing no water molecules.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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A compound completely free from water, often important in chemical mixtures, cement formulations, and resin systems.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Anorthosite
Dark igneous rock with large mineral grains.
Category:
Stone Type
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An igneous rock composed mostly of plagioclase feldspar, typically dark in color and characterized by large crystals. Used in construction and architectural applications.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Antique Finish
A distressed, aged texture on stone.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A surface finish created to replicate the appearance of naturally aged or weathered stone, achieved using brushing, tumbling, or chemical treatments.
Also known as:
Aged finish
Related terms:
Apex Stone
Topmost stone in pediment or arch.
Category:
Architectural Element
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The uppermost stone placed at the peak of a pediment, arch, dome, or gable, serving structural or decorative purposes.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Apron
Trim piece beneath a countertop edge.
Category:
Fabrication & Installation
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A protective or decorative trim installed under a stone countertop or projection to add thickness or hide support structures.
Also known as:
Countertop apron
Related terms:
Aragonite
Calcium carbonate mineral found in shells.
Category:
Mineral
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A naturally occurring form of calcium carbonate found in seashells and some stones. Known for its translucent white appearance.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Arcuated Construction
Architecture using arches and vaults.
Category:
Construction & Structural
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A construction method in masonry where arches and vaults are built to support loads through compression.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Argillite
Hard sedimentary rock similar to slate.
Category:
Stone Type
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A compact sedimentary rock formed from hardened clay. It does not split easily like slate and has a fine, smooth appearance.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Aromatic Solvents
Hydrocarbon-based organic solvents.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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Organic chemical solvents derived from aromatic hydrocarbons, commonly used in coatings, adhesives, and sealers.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Arris
The sharp edge where two stone surfaces meet.
Category:
Fabrication & Edges
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Artificial Marble
Man-made marble imitation.
Category:
Engineered Stone
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A resin-based or cement-based composite product engineered to resemble natural marble in color and pattern.
Also known as:
Cultured marble
Related terms:
Artificial Stone
Man-made stone alternative.
Category:
Engineered Stone
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Factory-produced slabs or blocks made from cement, resin, and aggregates designed to imitate natural stone appearances.
Also known as:
Manufactured stone
Related terms:
B
Back Arch
Hidden arch supporting masonry loads.
Category:
Construction & Structural
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A concealed arch built behind a visible lintel or face stone to support the structural load of a wall.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Back Filling
Refilling soil or masonry behind structure.
Category:
Construction & Structural
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The process of refilling excavated areas with soil or adding masonry material behind a veneer or structural wall.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Backing
Support layer behind stone veneers.
Category:
Installation Method
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A structural layer or material behind stone veneer that provides support and load resistance.
Also known as:
Not Known
Backing Rod
Compressible filler for joints.
Category:
Installation Accessories
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A flexible, compressible rod inserted into expansion joints before sealant application to control joint depth and support the sealant.
Also known as:
Backer rod
Related terms:
Backsplash Tile
Tile used on walls behind sinks and ranges.
Category:
Tile & Surfaces
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Tiles installed on walls above countertops, sinks, and stoves to protect the surface from splashes and stains.
Also known as:
Kitchen backsplash
Related terms:
Banker
Stoneworker’s bench for cutting and finishing.
Category:
Tools & Machinery
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Basalt
Dense volcanic rock, usually black or charcoal.
Category:
Stone Type
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A fine-grained volcanic stone low in silica, typically black or dark gray, known for durability and uniform texture. Contains minimal quartz or feldspar compared to granite.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Base Block
Block at the base of a column.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A stone block placed at the bottom of a column or vertical molding where the baseboard meets the column.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Base Course
Lower layer of masonry or wall support.
Category:
Construction & Structural
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The foundational layer of masonry that supports the upper structure, often installed at ground or plinth level.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Batted
Finish featuring parallel tool marks.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A stone finish created by striking the surface with specific tools to form parallel grooves or marks.
Also known as:
Tool-marked finish
Related terms:
Bed
Natural layer or stratum of stone.
Category:
Geology
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A geological layer of stone defined by natural bedding planes. Beds may vary in thickness, mineral composition, and texture, especially in sedimentary formations.
Also known as:
Stone layer
Related terms:
Bed Joint
Horizontal joint between stones.
Category:
Construction & Installation
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A horizontal joint between two stones in masonry, typically filled with mortar or sealant to bond the stones securely.
Also known as:
Horizontal joint
Related terms:
Bedding Plane
Natural horizontal plane in sedimentary stone.
Category:
Geology
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The natural stratified layer in sedimentary stones formed during deposition. Cutting parallel or perpendicular to bedding affects stone strength and appearance.
Also known as:
Natural bed
Related terms:
Belt Course
Continuous horizontal row of stone.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A horizontal band or uninterrupted row of stone or brick integrated into a wall’s exterior for architectural emphasis.
Also known as:
String course
Related terms:
Bench
Cutting platform in a quarry or block step.
Category:
Quarrying
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Berm
Raised boundary or bank of earth.
Category:
Construction & Landscape
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A narrow shelf, raised bank, or level strip of land used to control water, support structures, or form boundaries.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Biotite
Black or dark mica mineral in granite.
Category:
Mineral
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A dark, sheet-like mica mineral commonly found in granite and other igneous rocks, contributing to their color and sparkle.
Also known as:
Black mica
Related terms:
Black Granite
Dark igneous rock with visible grains.
Category:
Stone Type
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A dark-colored igneous stone with medium to coarse grains. Though widely called 'granite,' many commercial black granites are gabbro or basaltic.
Also known as:
Commercial black granite
Related terms:
Bleed
Staining caused by migrating compounds.
Category:
Stone Issues & Defects
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Discoloration that appears when oils, pigments, or chemicals from sealants, mastics, or putties migrate into adjacent stone or materials.
Also known as:
Stain migration
Related terms:
Blends
Mixture formulated as water repellent.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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A combination of raw materials designed to create water-repellent properties, often used in stone sealers or protective coatings.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Bluestone
Sandstone quarried in Pennsylvania and New York.
Category:
Stone Type
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A dense, fine-grained sandstone native to New York and Pennsylvania, known for its blue-gray color and durability in paving.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Breccia
Stone made of angular fragments.
Category:
Stone Type
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A rock formed from angular fragments that have been naturally cemented together. It may be monogenetic (one rock type) or polygenetic (multiple types).
Also known as:
Brecciated stone
Related terms:
C
Calcareous
Containing calcium carbonate.
Category:
Material Properties
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A material rich in calcium carbonate, typically softer and more reactive to acids. Common in marble, limestone, and travertine.
Also known as:
Calcium-rich
Related terms:
Calcite
Primary mineral in marble and limestone.
Category:
Mineral
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A crystalline form of calcium carbonate found in sedimentary and metamorphic stones such as limestone and marble.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Calcite Limestone
Limestone with low magnesium content.
Category:
Stone Type
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A limestone variety containing less than 5% magnesium carbonate, composed mainly of calcite.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Calcite Marble
Crystalline marble low in magnesium.
Category:
Stone Type
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A marble variety composed mostly of calcite with less than 5% magnesium carbonate. Known for its classic white and veined appearances.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Calcite Streaks
White or milky natural markings.
Category:
Visual Characteristics
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Naturally occurring whitish streaks or cloudy bands in stone caused by concentrations of calcite minerals.
Also known as:
Milky streaks
Related terms:
Calcium Oxide
Caustic alkaline compound.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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A highly alkaline, caustic white solid also known as quicklime. Used in cement and various construction mixtures.
Also known as:
Quicklime
Related terms:
Camber
Slight convex curve in a surface.
Category:
Construction & Structural
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A gentle upward curve built into horizontal surfaces to improve drainage or create visual balance.
Also known as:
Surface curve
Related terms:
Cantera
Volcanic stone from Mexico.
Category:
Stone Type
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A soft, workable volcanic stone quarried in Mexico, used extensively in carvings, columns, fountains, and architectural details.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Cap Stone
Top stone on a wall or structure.
Category:
Architectural Element
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The uppermost protective stone placed on a wall, pier, or parapet to shed water and provide a finished appearance.
Also known as:
Coping stone
Related terms:
Capacity Insulation
Ability of stone to store heat.
Category:
Material Properties
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The natural ability of stone or masonry materials to absorb, store, and slowly release heat due to their density and mass.
Also known as:
Thermal mass
Related terms:
Capillary Action
Movement of water through stone pores.
Category:
Material Properties
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The process by which water is drawn upward or sideways through the pores of stone or masonry due to surface tension and adhesion.
Also known as:
Wicking
Related terms:
Carbonate
Salt compounds containing CO₃.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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A group of chemical compounds commonly found in stone, especially limestone and marble, composed of carbonic acid salts.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Carbonic Acid
Weak acid formed from CO₂ in water.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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A mild acid that forms when carbon dioxide dissolves in water, capable of gradually dissolving calcareous stones.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Cast Stone
Concrete product made to resemble natural stone.
Category:
Engineered Stone
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A manufactured concrete product molded and colored to replicate natural cut stone, commonly used for architectural elements.
Also known as:
Precast stone
Related terms:
Catalyst
Material that speeds chemical reactions.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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A substance added to resins, adhesives, or coatings to accelerate the rate of curing or chemical reaction.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Caulk
Waterproof filler for joints.
Category:
Installation Accessories
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A flexible, waterproof sealant used to fill gaps or joints in stone, tile, windows, and masonry to prevent water intrusion.
Also known as:
Sealant
Related terms:
Cement
Binder used in concrete and mortar.
Category:
Construction Materials
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A fine powder made from limestone and clay that hardens when mixed with water, commonly used to create mortar and concrete.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Chamfer
Beveled edge connecting two surfaces.
Category:
Fabrication & Edges
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Chat Sawed
Textured finish made using chat sand.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A stone finish created by sawing the surface using chat sand, resulting in a lightly textured appearance.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Chip
Small broken piece causing raw edge.
Category:
Stone Issues & Defects
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A small fragment that breaks off from a stone surface, leaving an irregular or raw edge.
Also known as:
Nick
Related terms:
Circular Face
Convex curved stone surface.
Category:
Architectural Geometry
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The outer, rounded side of a spherical, domed, or curved stone surface.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Circular Sunk Face
Concave curved stone surface.
Category:
Architectural Geometry
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The inner, hollowed-out curved face of a spherical or circular stone surface.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Cladding
Exterior stone covering for walls.
Category:
Installation Method
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Stone panels or veneers installed as the exterior finish of a wall, façade, or building surface for protection and aesthetics.
Also known as:
Stone veneer
Clastic
Rock made of fragments of older rocks.
Category:
Geology
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A sedimentary rock composed of fragments (clasts) of older rocks or minerals that have been compacted and cemented together.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Clay
Fine-grained earthy material.
Category:
Raw Materials
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A natural, fine-grained material that becomes plastic when wet and hardens when dried or fired. Used in tile and brick production.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Clay Mortar
Mortar made using clay instead of lime.
Category:
Construction Materials
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Clean Back
Visible back end of a stone unit.
Category:
Fabrication & Installation
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The rear section of a stone that remains visible in certain masonry installations, requiring finish or cleanliness.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Cleanout Holes
Openings for removing debris before grouting.
Category:
Construction & Installation
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Gaps intentionally left at the base of masonry walls to allow removal of debris and mortar droppings prior to final grouting.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Clear Coating
Transparent protective coating.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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A clear finish applied to stone, wood, or other surfaces to provide protection, moisture resistance, and gloss levels ranging from matte to high gloss.
Also known as:
Clear sealer
Related terms:
Clearance
Space needed for installation movement.
Category:
Construction & Installation
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The required spacing or allowance that ensures proper placement, movement, or expansion during installation of stone and structural elements.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Cleavage
Stone's natural ability to split along planes.
Category:
Material Properties
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The inherent capability of a stone to break or split cleanly along its natural planes of weakness, common in slate and layered stones.
Also known as:
Natural split
Related terms:
Cleavage Membrane
Barrier that prevents mortar from bonding.
Category:
Installation Materials
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A slip-sheet membrane installed to prevent the mortar bed from bonding to the substrate, allowing independent movement.
Also known as:
Slip sheet
Related terms:
Cleavage Plane
Natural plane where stone splits easily.
Category:
Geology
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A natural directional plane in a crystalline or layered stone along which the material can be split or separated cleanly.
Also known as:
Split plane
Related terms:
Clift Finish
Natural split finish from stone separation.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A rough, natural-looking surface created by splitting stone along its inherent planes, commonly seen in slate.
Also known as:
Natural cleft finish
Related terms:
Coating
Protective or decorative layer on stone.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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A material applied to stone surfaces to enhance appearance, protect against weathering, or add waterproofing properties.
Also known as:
Stone coating
Protective coat
Related terms:
Cobblestone
Rounded stones used for paving.
Category:
Stone Type
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Naturally rounded or rough-cut stones used for pathways, driveways, and streets, known for durability and rustic charm.
Also known as:
Cobbles
Related terms:
Commercial Flooring
Flooring designed for heavy traffic areas.
Category:
Applications
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Flooring materials engineered for commercial spaces, with higher slip resistance, strength, and wear performance.
Also known as:
Industrial flooring
Related terms:
Commercial Marble
Marble or marble-like stone capable of polish.
Category:
Stone Type
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A broad category of stones including calcite, dolomite, and serpentine varieties that can take a polish and are sold as marble in the market.
Also known as:
Trade marble
Related terms:
Compact Limestone
Dense limestone traded as marble.
Category:
Stone Type
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A dense, non-metamorphic limestone with minimal porosity, often marketed and used similarly to marble.
Also known as:
Dense limestone
Related terms:
Composite
Material made of combined minerals.
Category:
Engineered Stone
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A surface or material created by bonding different minerals or aggregates together into a solid structure.
Also known as:
Composite stone
Related terms:
Condensation
Water forming on cold stone surfaces.
Category:
Environmental Effects
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Moisture that forms on stone when humid air comes into contact with a cooler surface, sometimes causing temporary darkening.
Also known as:
Surface moisture
Related terms:
Conglomerate
Stone made of rounded rock fragments.
Category:
Stone Type
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A sedimentary rock consisting of rounded pebbles and stone fragments naturally cemented together with minerals.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Consolidation
Strengthening stone to slow decay.
Category:
Restoration
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A treatment process that strengthens deteriorating stone surfaces to slow decay and improve structural integrity.
Also known as:
Stone strengthening
Related terms:
Contour Scaling
Crust formation blocking sulfate formation.
Category:
Stone Issues & Defects
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A surface crust that forms on limestone or sandstone, preventing the development of calcium sulfate layers.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Control Joint
Joint that manages cracking and movement.
Category:
Construction & Installation
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A planned groove or separation in masonry or concrete designed to control shrinkage, expansion, and cracking.
Also known as:
Movement joint
Related terms:
Cope Stone
Flat protective top stone of a wall.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A flat stone placed at the top of a wall or parapet to shed water and protect underlying masonry.
Also known as:
Coping
Related terms:
Coping
Protective cap stone atop a wall.
Category:
Architectural Element
Read More
A protective covering stone installed on top of a wall, designed to prevent water penetration and enhance durability.
Also known as:
Coping stone
Related terms:
Coquina
Soft limestone made of shell fragments.
Category:
Stone Type
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A highly porous, shell-rich limestone composed of cemented shell fragments and sediments, often light-colored.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Coral Limestone
Limestone made of coral skeletons.
Category:
Stone Type
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A calcareous limestone composed largely of fossilized coral skeletons and marine organisms.
Also known as:
Coraline limestone
Related terms:
Cornerstone
Primary ceremonial stone at building corner.
Category:
Architectural Element
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The foundational stone placed at the corner of a structure, often marking the start of construction or serving ceremonial purposes.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Cornice
Decorative molding where wall meets ceiling.
Category:
Architectural Element
Read More
Corrosion Resistant
Material treated to resist corrosion.
Category:
Material Properties
Read More
A product or surface that has been specially treated or coated to prevent oxidation, rust, or chemical degradation.
Also known as:
Rust resistant
Related terms:
Countertops
Flat working surfaces in kitchens or bathrooms.
Category:
Applications
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Solid work surfaces used in kitchens, bathrooms, and other interiors, made from granite, quartz, marble, or engineered stone.
Also known as:
Kitchen tops
Worktops
Related terms:
Course
Continuous horizontal layer of stone.
Category:
Construction & Installation
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A horizontal row or band of masonry units laid in a wall at a uniform height. Courses may be regular or irregular depending on the design.
Also known as:
Masonry course
Related terms:
Coursed Veneer
Veneer laid in uniform horizontal rows.
Category:
Installation Method
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A stone veneer installation where stones of equal height are laid in continuous horizontal courses across the façade.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Coussinets
Support stones for the lowest arch stone.
Category:
Architectural Element
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French architectural term for a stone that supports the lowest stone of an arch, helping distribute the load.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Cove Base
Concave strip for floor-to-wall transition.
Category:
Fabrication & Edges
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Cove Joint
Joint where wall meets floor.
Category:
Construction & Installation
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A curved joint forming the transition between a floor and a wall. Common in tile and stone installations.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Crack
Visible separation or fissure in stone.
Category:
Stone Issues & Defects
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A visible split or break across a stone surface caused by stress, impact, or natural weaknesses in the material.
Also known as:
Fissure
Fracture
Related terms:
Cramp
Anchor that ties two stones together.
Category:
Installation Accessories
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A metal anchor used to connect adjacent stones in masonry work, ensuring alignment and stability.
Also known as:
Stone anchor
Related terms:
Crandall
Tool with pointed bars for stone dressing.
Category:
Tools & Machinery
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Cratering
Small depressions caused by trapped bubbles.
Category:
Surface Defects
Read More
Small surface depressions that form in coatings or finishes when trapped air or vapor bursts during drying.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Crossette
Projection at stone corner in openings.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A decorative or structural projection at the corner of an opening, such as a door or window, formed by masonry stones.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
D
Dab
Technique for dressing stone with pointed tool.
Category:
Fabrication Technique
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A method of surface dressing where a sharp-pointed tool is used to texture or smooth a stone face.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Dacite
Fine-grained volcanic rock between rhyolite and basalt.
Category:
Stone Type
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A volcanic rock with fine grains, compositionally between rhyolite and basalt, used in construction and decorative applications.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Dado
Lower decorative wall section.
Category:
Architectural Element
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The lower part of an interior wall, often covered or cladded with stone, tile, or wood for protection and decoration.
Also known as:
Wainscot
Related terms:
Dado Finish
Lower wall section finished with stone.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A protective and decorative finish applied to the lower portion of a wall, typically using stone or tile.
Also known as:
Wainscot finish
Related terms:
Damp Course
Layer preventing moisture rise.
Category:
Construction & Installation
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A horizontal layer of impermeable material built into a wall to prevent moisture from rising through capillary action.
Also known as:
DPC
Related terms:
Damp Proofing
Treatment to stop water penetration.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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The application of waterproofing materials to prevent moisture from entering masonry or stone structures.
Also known as:
Moisture barrier
Related terms:
Damp Proofing Course
Impermeable layer blocking moisture.
Category:
Construction & Installation
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A protective layer installed horizontally or vertically in masonry to block water penetration and control dampness.
Also known as:
Moisture-proof layer
Related terms:
Deflection
Bending of a structure under load.
Category:
Structural Behavior
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The degree to which a horizontal structural member sags or bends under weight or stress.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Delamination
Layers separating due to poor adhesion.
Category:
Stone Issues & Defects
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The separation or splitting of a stone or bonded material into layers, typically caused by poor adhesion, moisture, or stress.
Also known as:
Layer separation
Related terms:
Depth of Gloss
Visual depth seen in a polished surface.
Category:
Surface Properties
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The visual richness and clarity perceived on a polished stone surface, measured by how deeply light appears to reflect within the finish.
Also known as:
Gloss depth
Surface shine
Related terms:
Design
Process of planning spaces or surfaces.
Category:
Architecture & Design
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The creative and technical process of planning interior or exterior spaces, including layout, material selection, and aesthetic detailing.
Also known as:
Planning
Layout
Related terms:
Diabase
Dark igneous rock similar to basalt.
Category:
Stone Type
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A dense, dark gray to black subvolcanic rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene. Used in paving, monuments, and construction.
Also known as:
Dolerite
Related terms:
Die
Vertical stone facing on walls.
Category:
Architectural Element
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The stone covering on a vertical surface, typically between a wall and ceiling or between architectural elements.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Dimensional Stone
Stone cut to specific sizes for construction.
Category:
Stone Type
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Natural stone that has been cut and fabricated into pre-defined shapes and sizes for architectural or structural use.
Also known as:
Cut stone
Related terms:
Diorite
Coarse speckled igneous rock.
Category:
Stone Type
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A coarse-grained igneous stone composed of plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, and other minerals, known for a salt-and-pepper appearance.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Dolomite
Carbonate mineral in limestone and marble.
Category:
Mineral
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Dolomite Marble
Marble rich in magnesium carbonate.
Category:
Stone Type
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A marble containing more than 49% magnesium carbonate, known for its enhanced durability compared to calcite-based marbles.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Dolomitic Limestone
Limestone with high magnesium content.
Category:
Stone Type
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A limestone rich in magnesium carbonate, available in various textures and commonly used in construction and cladding.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Dolostone
Sedimentary rock high in dolomite.
Category:
Stone Type
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A sedimentary rock composed mainly of the mineral dolomite, often harder and less reactive to acids than limestone.
Also known as:
Dolomite rock
Related terms:
Dovetail Anchor
Anchor inserted into dovetail-shaped slot.
Category:
Installation Accessories
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A metal anchor designed to lock into a dovetail-shaped slot in concrete or stone for secure attachment of cladding.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Dovetail Molding
Zigzag molding resembling dovetails.
Category:
Architectural Element
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Dressed Stone
Stone cut into square or rectangular shape.
Category:
Fabrication Technique
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Dressing
Shaping or squaring stone for use.
Category:
Fabrication Technique
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The process of trimming, squaring, and shaping stone blocks or slabs to prepare them for installation.
Also known as:
Stone shaping
Related terms:
Drip
Groove cut to divert water off surfaces.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A recess or notch cut into a stone to redirect water away from the face of a structure, reducing staining and erosion.
Also known as:
Water drip
Related terms:
Drip Mould
Projection designed to shed rainwater.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A projecting molding that diverts rainwater away from the wall surface below, protecting the masonry.
Also known as:
Drip molding
Related terms:
Drove
Chisel used for dressing stone.
Category:
Tools & Machinery
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Dry Pack
Dense mortar placed by force.
Category:
Construction Materials
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A low-moisture mortar applied with pressure to fill voids or form substrate beds in tile and stone installations.
Also known as:
Dry-set mortar
Related terms:
Dry Seam
Unhealed natural fracture in stone.
Category:
Stone Issues & Defects
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A natural or man-made fracture in stone that did not fully heal geologically, often filled with weaker material or left open.
Also known as:
Stone seam
Related terms:
Dry Wall
Stone wall built without mortar.
Category:
Construction Method
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A wall constructed by stacking stones without the use of mortar, relying on gravity and friction for stability.
Also known as:
Dry-stacked wall
Related terms:
Dual Finish
Stone surface featuring two finishes.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A fabrication technique in which a stone surface is treated with two different finishes, such as polished and flamed, to create contrast or functional zones.
Also known as:
Combination finish
Related terms:
Durability
Stone's ability to resist wear and damage.
Category:
Material Properties
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The capacity of a stone or construction material to withstand exposure, force, abrasion, and weathering over extended periods.
Also known as:
Strength
Longevity
Related terms:
Dutchman
Inserted stone piece used for repair.
Category:
Restoration
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A carefully shaped replacement piece inserted into a damaged area of stone to repair chips, cracks, or missing sections while matching color and texture.
Also known as:
Stone patch repair
Related terms:
E
Efflorescence
White mineral deposits on stone surface.
Category:
Stone Issues & Defects
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A powdery white deposit formed when salts migrate to the surface of stone or mortar as moisture evaporates. Common in porous stones.
Also known as:
Salt deposit
Related terms:
Eggshell Finish
Low-sheen matte surface finish.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A smooth matte finish with a soft, low-level sheen similar to an eggshell, used on walls, woods, and occasionally stone.
Also known as:
Matte finish
Related terms:
Eight-Cut Finish
Corrugated finish with parallel marks.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A distinctive surface finish created by chiseling or tooling stone in parallel corrugated lines, traditionally done in eight passes.
Also known as:
Corrugated finish
Related terms:
Emulsion
Mixture with suspended particles.
Category:
Chemical & Treatment
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A blend of liquids, binders, and particles in which components that normally do not mix are suspended, used in adhesives and coatings.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Encrinal Marble
Marble filled with fossilized shells.
Category:
Stone Type
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Endolithic
Process of coloring stone internally.
Category:
Surface Treatment
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A method of coloring or texturing stone where pigments or chemicals penetrate the surface to create long-lasting effects.
Also known as:
Stone dyeing
Related terms:
Engineered Stone
Man-made composite stone product.
Category:
Engineered Stone
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A manufactured surface material created from crushed stone, resins, and pigments. Includes quartz surfaces and other composites.
Also known as:
Quartz surface
Composite stone
Related terms:
Entablature
Horizontal assembly above columns.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A classical architectural feature consisting of three parts—architrave, frieze, and cornice—resting on top of columns.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Entasis
Slight convex curve in columns.
Category:
Architectural Geometry
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A subtle convex curve built into the shaft of columns to counteract optical illusions and create visual harmony.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Epoxy
Strong adhesive for stone bonding.
Category:
Chemical & Adhesives
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A synthetic thermosetting adhesive widely used for stone bonding, laminations, crack repairs, coatings, and high-strength installations.
Also known as:
Epoxy adhesive
Related terms:
Epoxy Resin
Thermosetting resin used in stone coatings.
Category:
Chemical & Adhesives
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A durable resin used in coatings, mortars, cements, and stone adhesives, known for chemical resistance and toughness.
Also known as:
Resin epoxy
Related terms:
Erection
Setting stone in vertical structures.
Category:
Installation Method
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The process of lifting, placing, and securing stone elements in their final vertical positions during construction.
Also known as:
Stone installation
Etching
Surface erosion from acids.
Category:
Stone Issues & Defects
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A dull spot or mark caused when acidic substances react with calcareous stone, dissolving micro layers of the surface.
Also known as:
Surface erosion
Related terms:
Exfoliation
Peeling of thin stone layers.
Category:
Stone Issues & Defects
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Flaking or peeling of stone surfaces caused by thermal expansion, chemical reactions, or natural weathering.
Also known as:
Surface flaking
Related terms:
Expansion
Increase in volume due to heat or moisture.
Category:
Material Properties
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The enlargement of stone in all directions when exposed to heat or moisture, requiring expansion joints in installations.
Also known as:
Thermal expansion
Related terms:
Exposed Aggregate
Concrete surface exposing decorative stones.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A finish where the top layer of cement is removed to reveal decorative stone chips embedded in the concrete surface.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
F
Fabrication
Process of turning quarry blocks into finished stone.
Category:
Fabrication & Processing
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The complete process of transforming rough quarry blocks into usable stone pieces through cutting, polishing, finishing, and shaping.
Also known as:
Stone processing
Related terms:
Face
The exposed visible surface of a stone.
Category:
Basic Terminology
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The external, finished, or visible surface of a stone used in construction or design.
Also known as:
Stone surface
Related terms:
Facies, Metamorphic
Mineral groups formed under specific pressures and temperatures.
Category:
Geology
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Sets of mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks formed under specific pressure and temperature conditions.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Factor of Safety
Multiplier used to ensure structural safety.
Category:
Engineering
Read More
A design multiplier applied to expected loads or stress to ensure adequate structural strength and safety.
Also known as:
Safety margin
Related terms:
Factory-Finish Installation
Stone finished in factory rather than on-site.
Category:
Installation Method
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Installation of stones, tiles, or slabs whose surface finishes are completed in a factory, not during on-site construction.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
False Joint
A groove or line that mimics a real joint.
Category:
Design & Pattern
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A decorative or intentional groove on stone surfaces made to resemble a natural or structural joint.
Also known as:
Dummy joint
Related terms:
Fascia
Flat band or molding between surfaces.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A long, flat surface or band between moldings, commonly used in interior and exterior architectural detailing.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Fat Mortar
Sticky mortar with high cement content.
Category:
Mortar & Cement
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A rich, cohesive mortar mix with high cement content, offering strong adhesion and workability.
Also known as:
Rich mortar
Related terms:
Fault
Natural fracture in stone layers.
Category:
Stone Issues & Defects
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A break or displacement in rock layers that can affect underground drainage and structural integrity.
Also known as:
Fracture
Related terms:
Feather Edge
Fine tapered edge created by beveling stone.
Category:
Edge Profile
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A delicate, thin edge crafted by cutting or beveling stone for trim, molding, or detailed work.
Also known as:
Tapered edge
Related terms:
Feldspar
Primary mineral in granite.
Category:
Geology
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A group of pale-colored minerals found abundantly in igneous rocks, especially granite, contributing to color and durability.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Ferruginous
Stone containing iron oxide.
Category:
Stone Type
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A type of limestone, sandstone, or quartz-based stone that contains significant iron oxide, resulting in reddish or brown tones.
Also known as:
Iron-rich stone
Related terms:
Field Stone
Naturally weathered stone gathered from the surface.
Category:
Stone Type
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Naturally occurring stones collected from the ground surface, commonly used in rustic landscaping and wall construction.
Also known as:
Surface stone
Related terms:
Fieldstone
Naturally weathered stones used for construction.
Category:
Stone Type
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Weathered stones collected from fields or ground surfaces; widely used for walls, fireplaces, and outdoor structures.
Also known as:
Natural weathered stone
Related terms:
Filler Strip
Material placed in joints before sealant.
Category:
Installation Material
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A compressible material inserted into joints to control sealant depth and enhance joint flexibility.
Also known as:
Backer rod
Related terms:
Fillet
Thin molding strip used to separate ornamentation.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A small, flat molding strip used between larger moldings for visual separation or detailing.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Filling
Material used to fill natural voids in stone.
Category:
Surface Treatment
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The process of filling natural pits, cracks, or voids in stone using resin, cement, or plaster to improve finish quality.
Also known as:
Void filling
Related terms:
Fines
Powdery residue from stone processing.
Category:
Fabrication & Processing
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Small particles and dust generated during cutting, polishing, or crushing stone.
Also known as:
Stone dust
Related terms:
Finish
Final surface texture of stone.
Category:
Surface Finish
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The final surface state or texture applied to stone through polishing, flaming, honing, sandblasting, or other methods.
Also known as:
Surface treatment
Related terms:
Fireplace
Fireproof structure for housing a fire.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A built, fire-resistant structure designed to contain and manage indoor fires, often finished with stone cladding or mantels.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Fireproofing
Process of making surfaces resistant to fire.
Category:
Surface Treatment
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Treatment of materials to reduce their flammability and resist heat or flame exposure.
Also known as:
Fire resistance coating
Related terms:
Fixing
European term for installing stonework.
Category:
Installation Method
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A European construction term referring to the installation of stonework, including anchoring, aligning, and securing stone elements in place.
Also known as:
Stone fixing
Flagstone
Thin stone slabs used for outdoor paving.
Category:
Stone Type
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Stone cut into thin, flat slabs commonly used for patios, walkways, driveways, and landscaping projects.
Also known as:
Paving stone
Related terms:
Flamed Finish
Rough, textured finish created using intense heat.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A highly textured, non-slip finish created by exposing the stone surface to extreme heat and rapid cooling. Common on granites.
Also known as:
Thermal finish
Related terms:
Flashing
Barrier used to prevent water penetration.
Category:
Moisture Control
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A thin layer of metal or other waterproof material installed under roofing or masonry joints to prevent water infiltration.
Also known as:
Water barrier
Related terms:
Fleuri
Pattern achieved by cutting stone parallel to bedding.
Category:
Stone Patterning
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The aesthetic effect produced when marble or stone is sawn parallel to the natural bedding plane, resulting in flowing, cloud-like patterns.
Also known as:
Fleuri pattern
Related terms:
Fleuri Cut
Cut the stone parallel to bedding plane.
Category:
Fabrication & Processing
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A fabrication method in which stone is cut parallel to its natural strata, highlighting soft veining and cloud-like movement.
Also known as:
Bedding-plane cut
Related terms:
Flint
Very hard, dark-colored silica stone.
Category:
Stone Type
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A dense, fine-grained form of nearly pure silica known for its hardness and conchoidal fracture patterns.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Float
Tool for smoothing mortar or plaster.
Category:
Tools & Equipment
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A hand tool used to spread, level, and smooth mortar, plaster, or cement during stone installation.
Also known as:
Finishing float
Related terms:
Float Coat
Thin layer of mortar applied for smoothing.
Category:
Mortar & Cement
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A final, thin leveling layer of mortar applied to a surface to achieve a smooth, even finish before stone or tile installation.
Also known as:
Leveling coat
Related terms:
Flooring
Materials used to cover interior floors.
Category:
Application
Read More
Surface materials such as granite, marble, tile, or wood used to finish residential or commercial floors.
Also known as:
Floor surfaces
Related terms:
Fluted
Decorative grooves carved into stone.
Category:
Architectural Detailing
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Fluting
Carved shallow grooves for decoration.
Category:
Architectural Detailing
Read More
Four-Corner Finish
Coarse hammered stone texture.
Category:
Surface Finish
Read More
A rough, hammered surface finish created by repeatedly striking the stone face to achieve a coarse texture.
Also known as:
Hammered finish
Related terms:
Four-Man Boulders
Rough stones weighing under 750 lbs.
Category:
Stone Type
Read More
Large rough stones, generally under 750 pounds, sized so they can be moved by a four-person crew.
Also known as:
Heavy boulders
Related terms:
Foyer
Entrance hall of a building.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A transitional entrance space between the building's exterior entry and interior living or working areas.
Also known as:
Entrance hall
Related terms:
Freestone
Stone that can be cut in any direction.
Category:
Stone Type
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A type of stone with uniform grain that allows it to be carved or cut freely in any direction without splitting.
Also known as:
Free-cut stone
Related terms:
Frieze
Decorative horizontal band on a wall.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A horizontal ornamental band positioned between a wall and ceiling or along exterior architectural elements.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Frog
Indented area on brick surface.
Category:
Brick & Masonry
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A recessed cavity molded into the surface of a brick to reduce weight and improve bonding with mortar.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Front
Primary façade of a building.
Category:
Architectural Element
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The main exterior view or façade of a building, often featuring the primary entryway.
Also known as:
Facade
Related terms:
Full Mortar Bedding
Applying mortar across the full substrate.
Category:
Installation Method
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A method where mortar is applied across the entire base surface to support stone uniformly, commonly used in load-bearing installations.
Also known as:
Full-bed mortar
Related terms:
Furring
Method of creating space for insulation or leveling.
Category:
Construction Method
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The process of installing wood or metal strips to create space between a wall and finish material, aiding alignment, moisture protection, and insulation.
Also known as:
Furring strips
Related terms:
G
Gabbro
Dark, coarse-grained igneous rock.
Category:
Stone Type
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A coarse-grained, dark-colored igneous rock composed mainly of pyroxene, plagioclase, and feldspar. Often used in construction and sometimes marketed as black granite.
Also known as:
Black granite alternative
Related terms:
Gable
Triangular upper part of a wall.
Category:
Architectural Element
Read More
The triangular section of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof, commonly seen in traditional and classical architecture.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Gallet
Small chip of stone used in joints.
Category:
Masonry Technique
Read More
Gang Saw
Machine used to cut large quarry blocks.
Category:
Tools & Equipment
Read More
A large industrial saw equipped with multiple blades used to cut quarry blocks into slabs efficiently.
Also known as:
Multi-blade saw
Related terms:
Gang Sawed
Rough surface after gang saw cutting.
Category:
Fabrication & Processing
Read More
The initial rough surface texture visible on stone slabs immediately after being processed by a gang saw.
Also known as:
Saw-cut raw finish
Related terms:
Gantry Saw
Single-blade saw with movable rail system.
Category:
Tools & Equipment
Read More
A diamond-blade saw mounted on a gantry rail that allows repositioning along the track for precise slab cutting.
Also known as:
Bridge saw
Related terms:
Garreting
Inserting stone chips into mortar joints.
Category:
Masonry Technique
Read More
Gauged
Material ground to uniform thickness.
Category:
Fabrication & Processing
Read More
Stone or tile that has been mechanically processed to achieve a consistent thickness for easier installation.
Also known as:
Calibrated
Related terms:
Glass Mosaic
Small glass tiles for decorative patterns.
Category:
Tile & Mosaic
Read More
Mosaic tiles made from glass, often translucent or textured, typically mounted on mesh for easy installation.
Also known as:
Glass mosaic tile
Related terms:
Glass Seam
Narrow streak resembling glass.
Category:
Stone Features
Read More
A thin, glass-like vein or streak found in stone. Typically cosmetic and does not impact structural integrity.
Also known as:
Glass vein
Related terms:
Gloss
Degree of surface shine.
Category:
Surface Finish
Read More
The level of reflectivity or shine on a stone surface, often measured by the amount of light reflected.
Also known as:
Shine
Luster
Related terms:
Gneiss
Metamorphic rock with banded patterns.
Category:
Stone Type
Read More
A coarse-grained metamorphic rock composed mainly of quartz, mica, and feldspar. Often sold as 'Trade Granite' due to its hardness.
Also known as:
Trade granite
Related terms:
Grade Course
Waterproofed course at grade level.
Category:
Masonry Construction
Read More
The masonry course at ground level that is waterproofed to prevent moisture penetration.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Grain
Natural alignment in stone structure.
Category:
Stone Properties
Read More
The predominant direction of mineral alignment or natural cleavage in stone, influencing cutting and finishing behavior.
Also known as:
Stone texture
Related terms:
Granite
Dense igneous rock used widely in construction.
Category:
Stone Type
Read More
A hard, dense igneous rock composed primarily of quartz, feldspar, and mica. Known for durability, strength, and wide color variation.
Also known as:
Natural granite
Related terms:
Granite Countertop
Granite slab used as a work surface.
Category:
Application
Read More
A polished or honed granite surface used in kitchens, bathrooms, and work areas for its durability and aesthetic appeal.
Also known as:
Granite top
Related terms:
Granite Slab
Large cut slab of granite.
Category:
Stone Product
Read More
A thick, flat sheet of granite used for countertops, walls, floors, and furniture applications.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Granular
Texture composed of small grains.
Category:
Stone Properties
Read More
A natural stone texture characterized by visible small particles or grains within the material.
Also known as:
Grainy texture
Related terms:
Gravel
Small stones used for landscaping.
Category:
Aggregate
Read More
Loose aggregates such as quartz, limestone, basalt, or granite used for driveways, drainage, and landscaping.
Also known as:
Stone aggregate
Related terms:
Green Mortar
Mortar that has set but not fully dried.
Category:
Mortar & Cement
Read More
Mortar that is firm enough to hold shape but not fully cured or hardened.
Also known as:
Uncured mortar
Related terms:
Greenstone
Igneous stone with greenish color.
Category:
Stone Type
Read More
A natural or altered igneous rock with a green tint, often used for decorative stonework.
Also known as:
Green igneous stone
Related terms:
Greywacke
Dark sandstone with mixed mineral fragments.
Category:
Stone Type
Read More
A type of sandstone characterized by quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments set in a clay-rich matrix. Known for its durability and mixed-texture appearance.
Also known as:
Dark sandstone
Related terms:
Grind-in-Place Installation
Stones installed then polished on-site.
Category:
Installation Method
Read More
A method in which stone tiles or slabs are installed and later ground, leveled, and polished directly at the site to achieve a uniform finish.
Also known as:
In-situ grinding
Related terms:
Grog
Crushed brick mixed with clay.
Category:
Construction Material
Read More
A granular material made from crushed fired bricks, added to clay to reduce shrinkage and improve strength.
Also known as:
Crushed brick additive
Related terms:
Grout
Cement paste used for filling joints.
Category:
Mortar & Cement
Read More
A mixture of cement, aggregates, and water used for filling joints between tiles and stones on floors and walls.
Also known as:
Joint filler
Related terms:
Grout Core Masonry
Filling hollow masonry with grout.
Category:
Masonry Construction
Read More
A construction method where hollow masonry units are filled with grout to improve strength and stability.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Grout Lift
Height of grout placement in joints.
Category:
Masonry Construction
Read More
The vertical distance or thickness of grout placed in masonry joints during construction.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Grout Pour
Total height of grout in a wall.
Category:
Masonry Construction
Read More
The full vertical height of grout placement within a masonry wall or cavity.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Grouted Masonry
Masonry with filled joints and cavities.
Category:
Masonry Construction
Read More
Stone or brick masonry where joints and internal voids are filled with grout to increase structural strength.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Guide Specification
Recommended specifications for stone installation.
Category:
Construction Standards
Read More
A standardized set of recommendations outlining best practices for installing stone and masonry materials.
Also known as:
Installation guidelines
Related terms:
H
Hairline Cracking
Thin superficial surface cracks.
Category:
Stone Issues & Defects
Read More
Very fine cracks on stone or concrete surfaces caused by shrinkage, stress, or natural settling. Typically cosmetic.
Also known as:
Micro cracks
Related terms:
Half Bullnose
Rounded convex edge for counters.
Category:
Edge Profile
Read More
A countertop edge profile featuring a smooth, rounded upper curve while the bottom edge remains flat.
Also known as:
Rounded edge
Related terms:
Half Round
Semi-circular molding or edge.
Category:
Edge Profile
Read More
An edge or molding featuring a smooth semi-circle profile commonly used on countertops and trims.
Also known as:
Semi-round edge
Related terms:
Halite
Mineral form of rock salt.
Category:
Mineral
Read More
Hand Cut Random Rectangular
Geometric stones hand-cut for patterns.
Category:
Masonry Pattern
Read More
Stones manually shaped into rectangles of varying sizes for masonry patterns while maintaining consistent joint widths.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Hard-Burned
Clay products fired at high temperature.
Category:
Construction Material
Read More
Bricks or clay products fired at extremely high temperatures, resulting in reduced absorption and increased hardness.
Also known as:
High-fired clay
Related terms:
Hardness
Resistance to scratching or abrasion.
Category:
Material Properties
Read More
The measure of a stone's ability to resist scratching and wear, commonly evaluated using the Mohs Scale.
Also known as:
Scratch resistance
Related terms:
Head
Exposed end of a stone block.
Category:
Masonry Component
Read More
Head Joint
Vertical mortar joint between stones.
Category:
Masonry Construction
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A vertical joint between two stones or bricks filled with mortar.
Also known as:
Vertical joint
Related terms:
Header
Stone overlapping adjacent units.
Category:
Masonry Component
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Headstone
Primary stone in key structural locations.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A significant stone used in major architectural positions such as keystones or cornerstones.
Also known as:
Keystone
Cornerstone
Related terms:
Hearth
Fire-resistant area in front of a fireplace.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A fire-safe stone or masonry surface located directly in front of a fireplace or stove, designed to contain sparks and provide a durable working zone.
Also known as:
Fireplace base
Related terms:
Hemihydrate
Mineral hydrate containing half water molecules.
Category:
Chemical Property
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A crystalline hydrate that contains one water molecule for every two molecules of the main compound, commonly seen in plaster chemistry.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Herringbone
Angled zig-zag tile or stone pattern.
Category:
Masonry Pattern
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A classic installation pattern where tiles or stones are placed at alternating angles, creating a zig-zag design often used in floors and backsplashes.
Also known as:
Chevron pattern (similar)
Related terms:
Hewn Stone
Stone shaped by hand tools.
Category:
Fabrication & Processing
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Stone that has been roughly shaped or squared using hand tools like chisels and mallets, leaving a textured, rustic appearance.
Also known as:
Hand-cut stone
Related terms:
High-Strength Adhesive
Strong bonding agent for stone.
Category:
Adhesives & Chemicals
Read More
A durable construction adhesive formulated to join stone pieces or attach stone to substrates with high structural integrity.
Also known as:
Stone adhesive
Related terms:
Hone Finish
Smooth, satin, non-glossy finish.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A matte or satin surface finish achieved by grinding the stone to a smooth, non-reflective texture. Common for granite and marble flooring.
Also known as:
Honed finish
Related terms:
Hornblend
Dark mineral found in igneous stones.
Category:
Mineral
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Hydrate
Mineral combined with water molecules.
Category:
Chemical Property
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A compound formed when a mineral or chemical substance incorporates water molecules into its structure.
Also known as:
Hydrated compound
Related terms:
Hydrated Lime
Lime product used in mortar and plaster.
Category:
Construction Material
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A caustic material produced by heating limestone and adding water, used to improve workability in mortars and plasters.
Also known as:
Slaked lime
Related terms:
Hydraulic
Hardens in or under water.
Category:
Material Properties
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A property of cementitious materials that allows them to set and harden when exposed to water or moisture.
Also known as:
Water-setting
Related terms:
Hydrophilic
Material that absorbs or mixes with water.
Category:
Material Properties
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A characteristic of materials that readily attract, absorb, or dissolve in water.
Also known as:
Water-attracting
Related terms:
Hydrophobic
Material that repels water.
Category:
Material Properties
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A property where surfaces resist or repel water, commonly seen in sealers and protective coatings used on stone.
Also known as:
Water-repelling
Related terms:
I
Igneous Rock
Rock formed from solidified magma.
Category:
Stone Type
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A category of stones formed through the cooling and solidification of molten magma. Includes granite, basalt, and gabbro.
Also known as:
Volcanic rock
Related terms:
Import Broker
Agent facilitating stone imports.
Category:
Trade & Logistics
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A licensed professional who manages customs paperwork, documentation, and compliance for importing stone products.
Also known as:
Customs broker
Related terms:
Importer
Business that buys and distributes foreign stone.
Category:
Trade & Logistics
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A company or individual who purchases stone from international sources and distributes it to local markets.
Also known as:
Stone importer
Related terms:
Impregnation
Applying chemicals that penetrate stone.
Category:
Stone Care
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The process of applying penetrating sealers or chemicals that soak into stone to reduce absorption and prevent stains.
Also known as:
Penetrating treatment
Related terms:
Impregnator
Chemical sealer that absorbs into stone.
Category:
Stone Care
Read More
A deep-penetrating protective chemical designed to reduce a stone’s natural absorbency and improve stain resistance.
Also known as:
Penetrating sealer
Related terms:
Incise
To cut or engrave stone.
Category:
Fabrication & Processing
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The act of carving or engraving a stone surface to create lines, textures, or decorative patterns.
Also known as:
Engrave
Related terms:
Indenting
Leaving stones out for future bonding.
Category:
Masonry Technique
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J
Joint
Space between two stones or tiles.
Category:
Masonry Construction
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The intentional gap between adjoining stones, tiles, or masonry units that is filled with mortar, grout, or sealant.
Also known as:
Stone joint
Tile joint
Related terms:
Joint Reinforcement
Steel reinforcement placed in mortar joints.
Category:
Structural Support
Read More
Metal reinforcement installed in masonry bed joints to improve structural stability and prevent cracking.
Also known as:
Reinforcement wire
Related terms:
Jointing
Finishing masonry joints before mortar sets.
Category:
Masonry Technique
Read More
Jointing Scheme
Architectural plan showing all stone joints.
Category:
Architectural Planning
Read More
A detailed architectural drawing that specifies the location, dimensions, and configuration of joints in stonework.
Also known as:
Joint layout plan
Related terms:
K
Kaolinite
Clay mineral used in ceramics and bricks.
Category:
Mineral
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A soft white mineral composed of aluminum silicate, commonly used in ceramics, bricks, and as a filler in construction materials.
Also known as:
China clay
Related terms:
Kerf
Slot cut by a saw blade for anchoring.
Category:
Fabrication & Processing
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A narrow cut or groove created by a saw blade, often used in stone to accommodate anchors or fittings.
Also known as:
Saw groove
Related terms:
Key Block
First block removed when opening a quarry ledge.
Category:
Quarrying
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Keystone
Wedge-shaped top stone of an arch.
Category:
Architectural Element
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Kiln
Furnace used for firing clay or bricks.
Category:
Tools & Equipment
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A high-temperature oven used to fire clay, bricks, and ceramic materials to achieve hardness and durability.
Also known as:
Firing furnace
Related terms:
Kiln Run
Unsorted bricks from a kiln batch.
Category:
Brick & Masonry
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Bricks taken directly from a kiln without grading or sorting, often showing natural variation in color and hardness.
Also known as:
Unsorted kiln bricks
Related terms:
King Closure
Brick tapered for corner or bond patterns.
Category:
Brick & Masonry
Read More
L
Lamination
Bonding two stone pieces together.
Category:
Fabrication & Processing
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The process of adhering two or more stone pieces using resin or epoxy to create a thicker or reinforced slab.
Also known as:
Stone bonding
Related terms:
Landscape Stones
Stones used for outdoor landscaping designs.
Category:
Application
Read More
Natural stones cut or shaped for outdoor applications such as pathways, fireplaces, garden walls, and driveways.
Also known as:
Outdoor stone
Related terms:
Lap
Overlapping one material over another.
Category:
Construction Method
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The act of overlapping one surface or material with another, often used in roofing and stone cladding.
Also known as:
Overlap
Related terms:
Lateral Support
Bracing provided by adjoining structures.
Category:
Structural Support
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Support given to walls or columns by floors, roofs, or adjacent walls to prevent sideways movement.
Also known as:
Side support
Related terms:
Latex Adhesive
Water-based adhesive with latex polymers.
Category:
Adhesives & Chemicals
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An emulsion adhesive containing latex polymers, used for bonding tile, stone, and various construction materials.
Also known as:
Latex glue
Related terms:
Lava
Volcanic rock formed from molten material.
Category:
Stone Type
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Igneous rock created from cooled volcanic lava, including basalt and rhyolite, often used for tiles and cladding.
Also known as:
Volcanic stone
Related terms:
Lean Mortar
Mortar with low cement content.
Category:
Mortar & Cement
Read More
A mortar mix that contains less cement and is therefore less workable and lower in bonding strength.
Also known as:
Low-cement mortar
Related terms:
Ledger Panels
Pre-assembled stacked stone panels.
Category:
Stone Product
Read More
Factory-made stone panels made to resemble individually stacked stones, commonly used for fireplace walls and accent walls.
Also known as:
Stacked stone panels
Related terms:
Ledger Stone
Flat horizontal stone used in foundations.
Category:
Stone Product
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A flat horizontal slab of stone used in foundations, structural bases, or as part of traditional stone masonry assemblies.
Also known as:
Foundation slab
Related terms:
Legs
Vertical stone pieces used in architectural openings.
Category:
Architectural Element
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Vertical stone sections installed at the sides of an opening, such as a fireplace or doorway, providing structural or decorative support.
Also known as:
Side stones
Related terms:
Lewis Bolt
Anchoring bolt used for lifting large stones.
Category:
Tools & Equipment
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A specialized anchoring bolt with a conical base inserted into drilled holes for lifting or positioning heavy stones.
Also known as:
Stone lifting bolt
Related terms:
Lewis Holes
Holes drilled into stone for lifting hardware.
Category:
Fabrication & Processing
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Drilled holes in stone created to accommodate Lewis bolts or lifting devices for safe handling of heavy blocks.
Also known as:
Lifting holes
Related terms:
Lime Hydrated
Hydrated lime used in mortar mixes.
Category:
Construction Material
Read More
A quicklime that has reacted with water to form a more stable powdered material used to improve mortar plasticity.
Also known as:
Hydrated lime
Related terms:
Lime Putty
Soft hydrated lime paste for mortar.
Category:
Construction Material
Read More
A creamy paste made by mixing hydrated lime with water, traditionally used in high-quality mortar and plaster applications.
Also known as:
Lime paste
Related terms:
Lime-Hydraulic
Lime that hardens with water.
Category:
Material Properties
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A lime compound that chemically reacts with water to set, offering increased durability for masonry in damp conditions.
Also known as:
Hydraulic lime
Related terms:
Limestone
Sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate.
Category:
Stone Type
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A sedimentary rock primarily made of calcium carbonate or dolomite, formed from marine organisms. Used widely in architecture and construction.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Line Pin
Metal pin used to hold alignment strings.
Category:
Tools & Equipment
Read More
A pin inserted into masonry joints to secure guideline strings that ensure level and straight courses during construction.
Also known as:
Masonry alignment pin
Related terms:
Liners
Engineered inserts to strengthen masonry.
Category:
Masonry Component
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Lintel
Horizontal support above a door or window.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A horizontal structural element of stone, steel, wood, or concrete placed over openings such as doors or windows to carry loads above.
Also known as:
Header beam
Related terms:
Lippage
Uneven tile or stone edges on a floor.
Category:
Installation Issue
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A condition where adjacent tile or stone pieces are not level with each other, resulting in raised edges that compromise appearance and safety.
Also known as:
Uneven tile edge
Related terms:
Lipping
High or low edges where tiles meet.
Category:
Installation Issue
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Raised or recessed edges on adjoining stones or tiles caused by warping or improper installation.
Also known as:
Edge protrusion
Related terms:
Load Bearing
Wall designed to support structural loads.
Category:
Structural Support
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A structural wall or element engineered to carry and distribute loads from floors, roofs, or other building components.
Also known as:
Supporting wall
Related terms:
Lug
Small stone projection for fixing.
Category:
Masonry Component
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Lug Sill
Stone sill set into jambs on both sides.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A window sill designed with extended ends that fit into the jambs, providing added structural anchoring and a clean finish.
Also known as:
Inset sill
Related terms:
M
Machine Finish
Stone surface shaped by mechanical tools.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A surface finish achieved using mechanical planers or milling equipment to create uniform textures or patterns.
Also known as:
Mechanically finished
Related terms:
Malpais
Dark volcanic rock found in rough terrain.
Category:
Stone Type
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A dark-colored volcanic rock commonly found in rugged lava fields, used decoratively in landscaping and masonry.
Also known as:
Volcanic rubble
Related terms:
Mantel
Support stone or beam above a fireplace.
Category:
Architectural Element
Read More
A structural or decorative stone, beam, or shelf placed above a fireplace opening to support masonry above or enhance appearance.
Also known as:
Fireplace mantel
Related terms:
Manufactured
Fabricated stones ready for installation.
Category:
Stone Product
Read More
Refers to man-made stone products engineered to simulate natural stone and supplied ready for installation.
Also known as:
Man-made stone
Related terms:
Manufacturer
Company that fabricates stone products.
Category:
Trade & Logistics
Read More
A business responsible for producing fabricated stone slabs, tiles, or composite stone materials.
Also known as:
Stone producer
Related terms:
Marble
Metamorphic stone capable of high polish.
Category:
Stone Type
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A crystalline metamorphic rock formed from limestone, known for its veins, color variations, and ability to take a high polish. Used widely in architecture, sculpture, and interiors.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Metamorphic Rock
Rock altered by heat and pressure.
Category:
Stone Type
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A rock that has undergone transformation from an existing rock type through extreme heat, pressure, or chemical processes. Includes marble, quartzite, and slate.
Also known as:
Transformed rock
Related terms:
Micro Fiber
Synthetic fabric with very fine fibers.
Category:
Cleaning Material
Read More
A fabric woven from synthetic fibers thinner than one denier, used for cleaning stone surfaces due to its softness and absorbency.
Also known as:
Microfiber cloth
Related terms:
Mohs Scale
Standard scale measuring mineral hardness.
Category:
Material Properties
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A widely used scale that ranks minerals by hardness from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond). Used to assess stone scratch resistance.
Also known as:
Hardness scale
Related terms:
Mosaic
Pattern made from small stone or tile pieces.
Category:
Tile & Mosaic
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A decorative design created by arranging small pieces of stone, tile, or glass into images or patterns.
Also known as:
Mosaic design
Related terms:
Mosaic Tile
Small tiles mounted in patterns.
Category:
Tile & Mosaic
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Small tiles—often stone, ceramic, or glass—mounted on mesh sheets to form decorative patterns for walls and floors.
Also known as:
Sheet mosaic
Related terms:
Mosaics
Decorative arrangements of small tiles.
Category:
Tile & Mosaic
Read More
Decorative or artistic patterns created using many small pieces of stone, tile, or glass.
Also known as:
Mosaic artwork
Related terms:
N
Natural Bed
Stone set on its original bedding plane.
Category:
Installation Method
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Stone installed in the same horizontal orientation in which it was formed geologically, improving stability and durability.
Also known as:
Bedding plane orientation
Related terms:
Natural Cement
Cement made from clay-rich limestone.
Category:
Construction Material
Read More
A hydraulic cement created by calcining clay-rich limestone, traditionally used in masonry and historic restoration.
Also known as:
Clay-based cement
Related terms:
Natural Cleft
Stone split along natural planes.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A surface finish produced by splitting stone along its natural cleavage planes, resulting in a textured, natural look.
Also known as:
Cleft finish
Related terms:
Natural Stone
Naturally occurring stone materials.
Category:
Stone Category
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Stone that forms naturally in the Earth's crust, including granite, marble, slate, sandstone, and quartzite, used for construction and design.
Also known as:
Real stone
Related terms:
Natural Stone Mosaics
Mosaic sheets made from natural stone.
Category:
Tile & Mosaic
Read More
Mosaic patterns made by mounting small pieces of natural stone onto mesh sheets for easy installation.
Also known as:
Stone mosaic tiles
Related terms:
Neat Cement
Pure cement without sand.
Category:
Construction Material
Read More
A cement product used without any sand or aggregates, typically applied where a very hard, dense binder is required.
Also known as:
Pure cement
Related terms:
Negative Lip
Tile installed slightly lower than adjacent pieces.
Category:
Installation Issue
Read More
Nominal Dimension
Labeled size that differs from actual size.
Category:
Measurement
Read More
Non-Combustible
Material that does not ignite.
Category:
Material Properties
Read More
A material that will not burn or ignite when exposed to fire, commonly used in building codes for safety compliance.
Also known as:
Fire-resistant
Related terms:
Non-Corroding
Material that resists rust and oxidation.
Category:
Material Properties
Read More
A classification for metals or components that do not oxidize or rust under normal conditions, suitable for stone anchoring.
Also known as:
Corrosion-resistant
Related terms:
Non-Ferrous
Metal containing little or no iron.
Category:
Material Properties
Read More
A metal or alloy that contains negligible iron content and is resistant to rust. Includes titanium, zinc, copper, and aluminum.
Also known as:
Iron-free metal
Related terms:
Non-Staining Mortar
Mortar formulated not to discolor stone.
Category:
Mortar & Cement
Read More
A mortar mix with low alkali content designed to prevent staining on sensitive stones such as marbles and limestones.
Also known as:
Stain-free mortar
Related terms:
Nosing
Rounded front edge of a step.
Category:
Edge Profile
Read More
A rounded or projecting front edge of a stair tread or countertop that improves safety and enhances design.
Also known as:
Step edge
Related terms:
O
P
Q
Quarried Stone
Stone extracted directly from a quarry.
Category:
Stone Category
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A natural stone removed from the earth through quarrying processes, later cut, processed, and finished for construction or design use.
Also known as:
Quarry stone
Related terms:
Quarrier
A person or company that extracts stone.
Category:
Profession
Read More
An individual or business responsible for extracting stone blocks from a quarry using machinery, wire saws, and controlled cutting techniques.
Also known as:
Stone extractor
Related terms:
Quarry
A site where stone is extracted.
Category:
Location
Read More
A large open pit where natural stones such as granite, marble, and sandstone are cut, drilled, and extracted for further processing.
Also known as:
Stone pit
Related terms:
Quarry Block
Large raw stone block cut from a quarry.
Category:
Raw Material
Read More
A rectangular mass of stone extracted from a quarry before it is cut into slabs, tiles, or finished pieces.
Also known as:
Raw block
Related terms:
Quarry Run
Mixed-quality, unsorted quarry material.
Category:
Raw Material
Read More
A mixture of unselected, irregular, or waste materials obtained during quarrying, often used for rough construction or backfilling.
Also known as:
Unsorted quarry material
Related terms:
Quarry Sap
Natural moisture retained in freshly quarried stone.
Category:
Material Properties
Read More
The moisture naturally present inside stone when it is first extracted from the quarry, usually evaporating as the stone seasons.
Also known as:
Stone moisture
Related terms:
Quarter Round
A convex molding with a quarter-circle profile.
Category:
Edge Profile
Read More
A curved molding used in stone or wood finishing, shaped like a quarter of a full circle, often used at transitions or edges.
Also known as:
Rounded molding
Related terms:
Quartz
Hard mineral found in many stones.
Category:
Mineral
Read More
A strong, naturally occurring mineral found in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary stones. Responsible for hardness and sparkling crystalline structure.
Also known as:
Silica crystal
Related terms:
Quartz-Based Stone
Stone primarily composed of quartz.
Category:
Stone Type
Read More
A sedimentary or metamorphic stone containing a high percentage of quartz, including sandstone and quartzite.
Also known as:
Quartz-rich stone
Related terms:
Quartzatic Sandstone
Metamorphosed sandstone rich in quartz.
Category:
Stone Type
Read More
A metamorphic sandstone composed of fine quartz grains cemented with silica, known for hardness and durability.
Also known as:
Quartz-cemented sandstone
Related terms:
Quartzite
Extremely hard metamorphic stone.
Category:
Stone Type
Read More
A dense, durable rock formed when sandstone is transformed by heat and pressure into tightly fused quartz crystals, popular for countertops and flooring.
Also known as:
Not Known
Related terms:
Queen Closure
Brick cut to create a two-inch face.
Category:
Brickwork
Read More
A brick cut lengthwise to produce a two-inch face, used near corners or openings to maintain consistent bonding patterns.
Also known as:
Two-inch face brick
Related terms:
Quicklime
Calcium oxide created by heating limestone.
Category:
Construction Material
Read More
A white, caustic crystalline oxide produced by heating limestone, used in mortars, plasters, and industrial processes.
Also known as:
Calcium oxide
Related terms:
Quions
External corner stones of a wall.
Category:
Architectural Element
Read More
Large, prominent stones placed at the corners of a building to reinforce structure and add architectural emphasis.
Also known as:
Cornerstones
Related terms:
R
Rabbet
A recessed groove cut into stone or wood.
Category:
Fabrication
Read More
A cut or groove along the edge of a stone or wood piece that allows it to fit or interlock with another component during installation.
Also known as:
Recessed groove
Related terms:
Rabbett
Alternate spelling of rabbet.
Category:
Fabrication
Read More
A variant spelling of rabbet, referring to a recessed groove cut into the edge of material for joining.
Also known as:
Rabbet groove
Related terms:
Racking
Staggered layout of masonry courses.
Category:
Masonry Technique
Read More
Rake
A stone face cut at an angle.
Category:
Fabrication
Read More
A stone surface shaped or cut at an angle instead of vertically or horizontally, often used for design accents or slopes.
Also known as:
Angled cut
Related terms:
Random
A masonry style with irregular joint patterns.
Category:
Pattern Style
Read More
A layout style where stone joints create irregular, web-like patterns instead of following continuous horizontal or vertical coursing.
Also known as:
Irregular pattern
Related terms:
Random Ashlar
Ashlar stonework arranged in varied heights.
Category:
Pattern Style
Read More
A pattern where square or rectangular stones are used but set in varying heights and lengths rather than continuous courses.
Also known as:
Irregular ashlar
Related terms:
Random Masonry
Stonework laid in uneven heights.
Category:
Pattern Style
Read More
A stone arrangement where pieces are installed at irregular heights and sizes, creating a rustic, natural appearance.
Also known as:
Irregular stonework
Related terms:
Range of Color
Variation in stone shade and pattern.
Category:
Material Properties
Read More
The natural variation in hues, veins, and textures found within a batch or type of stone, influenced by mineral composition.
Also known as:
Color variation
Related terms:
Re-Crystallized Limestone
Limestone with mineral changes through recrystallization.
Category:
Stone Type
Read More
Limestone in which original textures have been replaced or enhanced by new crystalline structures, often improving appearance and density.
Also known as:
Recrystallized stone
Related terms:
Re-Pointing
Replacing or repairing mortar joints.
Category:
Maintenance
Read More
The process of removing deteriorated mortar from masonry joints and replacing it with fresh mortar to restore integrity and appearance.
Also known as:
Joint repair
Related terms:
Rebated Kerf
A deeper kerf cut for anchoring stone.
Category:
Anchoring
Read More
A kerf cut made deeper or with an additional recessed section to securely hold anchors during stone installation.
Also known as:
Deep kerf
Related terms:
Receptor
A pre-formed shower base structure.
Category:
Bathroom Component
Read More
A waterproof base used in showers, combining a curb and integrated drainage slope, often made from stone, tile, or molded materials.
Also known as:
Shower base
Related terms:
Reeded
Semi-cylindrical groove-like molding.
Category:
Architectural Detail
Read More
A decorative molding featuring a series of parallel convex ridges used on stone, wood, or architectural trim.
Also known as:
Ribbed molding
Related terms:
Regrating
Refreshing a stone surface by removing buildup.
Category:
Restoration
Read More
A surface renewal technique that removes weathered or dirty layers of stone to expose fresh material.
Also known as:
Surface renewal
Related terms:
Reinforcement
Strengthening masonry or stone structures.
Category:
Engineering
Read More
The addition of steel, rods, mesh, or other stabilizing materials to increase a structure’s load-bearing capacity or prevent cracking.
Also known as:
Structural support
Related terms:
Resining
Filling stone voids with resin.
Category:
Processing
Read More
A treatment in which resins are applied to stone surfaces to fill natural fissures, cracks, or pores, improving strength and finish quality.
Also known as:
Resin treatment
Related terms:
Restaurant Flooring
Flooring designed for commercial food spaces.
Category:
Flooring
Read More
Industrial-grade flooring engineered to be slip-resistant, durable, and easy to maintain in restaurant environments.
Also known as:
Commercial kitchen flooring
Related terms:
Restoration
Repairing or rejuvenating stone surfaces.
Category:
Restoration
Read More
The process of cleaning, repairing, refinishing, or reconstructing natural stone to bring it back to its original appearance or performance.
Also known as:
Stone repair
Related terms:
Retaining Wall Stone
Stone used to build walls that resist lateral pressure.
Category:
Stone Application
Read More
Natural or cut stones designed for structural retaining walls that hold back soil, slopes, or landscape features.
Also known as:
Retaining stones
Related terms:
Retarding Agent
Chemical that slows mortar or grout curing.
Category:
Chemical Additive
Read More
An additive used in mortar or grout to slow down the setting process, allowing more working time during installation.
Also known as:
Set retarder
Related terms:
Retempering
Rehydrating mortar to restore workability.
Category:
Construction Method
Read More
Reticulated Work
Diamond-patterned ancient masonry.
Category:
Pattern Style
Read More
A historical masonry technique creating a net-like, diamond-shaped pattern, common in Ancient Roman architecture.
Also known as:
Diamond masonry
Related terms:
Return
A right-angle turn in a wall or molding.
Category:
Architectural Detail
Read More
A continuation of a stone or molding that turns at a 90-degree angle to complete or finish an edge.
Also known as:
Right-angle return
Related terms:
Return Head
Corner stone finished on two visible faces.
Category:
Architectural Element
Read More
A stone used on corners that has matching face finishes on two adjacent sides to maintain visual continuity.
Also known as:
Corner return stone
Related terms:
Reveal
Depth of stone surface around an opening.
Category:
Measurement
Read More
The measured distance between the face of a stone surface and an adjacent opening such as a door or window.
Also known as:
Opening depth
Related terms:
Rift
Direction of strongest cleavage in stone.
Category:
Material Properties
Read More
The natural direction in which stone splits most easily due to its grain structure, important for cutting and fabrication.
Also known as:
Stone grain direction
Related terms:
Riprap
Loose stone used for erosion control or foundations.
Category:
Stone Application
Read More
Irregular, rough stones placed along shorelines, slopes, or foundations to prevent erosion or provide structural stability.
Also known as:
Erosion stone
Related terms:
Rising Damp
Moisture rising upward through masonry.
Category:
Moisture Issue
Read More
The capillary movement of groundwater through masonry or stone, often resulting in staining or deterioration.
Also known as:
Capillary moisture
Related terms:
Riven
Stone split along natural cleavage planes.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A surface finish produced by splitting stone along its natural layers, giving a rustic, textured appearance.
Also known as:
Cleft finish
Related terms:
Rock
Naturally occurring solid mineral material.
Category:
Stone Category
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A naturally formed mineral mass that makes up the Earth's crust; foundational material for stone products and construction.
Also known as:
Stone material
Related terms:
Rock (Pitch) Face
Bold, rough stone face created by pitching.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A strong, textured finish created by pitching a stone's surface outward along a defined line, giving a rugged look.
Also known as:
Pitch-faced stone
Related terms:
Rocked Finish
A hammered, textured stone surface.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A finish achieved by hammering the surface of stone to create a bubbled, uneven texture.
Also known as:
Hammered finish
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Rodding
Reinforcing stone by embedding rods.
Category:
Reinforcement
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The strengthening of stone slabs by embedding steel or fiberglass rods in cut channels, often used in weak or narrow areas like sink cutouts.
Also known as:
Rod reinforcement
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Roman Arch
Semi-circular arch made with wedge-shaped stones.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A structural arch with a smooth semicircular shape created using wedge-shaped voussoir stones, common in classical architecture.
Also known as:
Norman arch
Related terms:
Rose Window
Circular stone window with radial design.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A decorative circular window featuring stone tracery arranged in a petal-like pattern, popular in Gothic architecture.
Also known as:
Radial window
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Rough Back
Back side of stone left unworked.
Category:
Fabrication
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A stone finish where the exposed face is worked, but the back remains rough and unfinished after extraction.
Also known as:
Unfinished back
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Rough Sawn
Stone surface left with saw marks.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A finish created when stone is cut by a gang saw or wire saw and left with the natural striations from the cutting process.
Also known as:
Saw-mark finish
Related terms:
Roughing Out
Initial shaping of stone to remove bulk material.
Category:
Fabrication
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The early stage of stone carving or fabrication where excess stone is removed to create a rough shape for final detailing.
Also known as:
Pre-shaping
Related terms:
Rowlock
Brick laid on its face with end exposed.
Category:
Brickwork
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A masonry pattern where bricks are laid on their narrow face with their ends visible, often used in window sills and decorative bands.
Also known as:
Face-laid brick
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Rubbed Finish
Smooth finish achieved by rubbing stone.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A smoother-than-honed finish created by rubbing stone with abrasives to remove saw marks without producing full polish.
Also known as:
Soft honed finish
Related terms:
Rubbing Stone
Abrasive stone used for smoothing edges.
Category:
Tool
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Rubble
Irregular stone pieces used for walls.
Category:
Stone Application
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Stone fragments of varying shapes and sizes used in rustic masonry, foundations, and landscape walls.
Also known as:
Irregular stone
Related terms:
Rustic
Coarse-textured or hand-finished stone.
Category:
Surface Finish
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Stone featuring a rough or coarse texture achieved naturally or by hand-finishing techniques for a traditional look.
Also known as:
Rough texture
Rusticated
Stone with recessed or beveled joints.
Category:
Architectural Detail
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A masonry style where stones feature pronounced bevels or recesses at the joints, creating shadow lines and strong visual depth.
Also known as:
Beveled-joint masonry
Related terms:
Rustification
Process of recessing stone joints.
Category:
Architectural Detail
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The technique of carving or recessing joints between stones to create a bold, textured pattern on a building façade.
Also known as:
Joint recessing
Related terms:
S
Sand Blasted
Matte finish created using high-pressure sand.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A non-reflective, slightly rough surface finish produced by blasting stone with sand or abrasive particles under high pressure.
Also known as:
Sandblasted
Related terms:
Sandstone
Sedimentary stone made of sand-sized minerals.
Category:
Stone Type
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A sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized quartz or feldspar particles, available in colors ranging from beige to red, yellow, and brown.
Also known as:
Sedimentary stone
Related terms:
Sawed Edge
Straight edge cut with a diamond saw.
Category:
Edge Profile
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A clean, straight edge on stone created using a diamond blade or gang saw, typically slightly textured before polishing or finishing.
Also known as:
Sawn edge
Related terms:
Sawed Finish
Surface showing visible saw marks.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A surface finish created immediately after sawing, featuring linear patterns or slight texture left by the cutting blades.
Also known as:
Sawn finish
Related terms:
Sealing
Applying a protective layer to resist water and stains.
Category:
Care & Maintenance
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The application of chemical sealers to stone surfaces to reduce absorption, prevent staining, and enhance longevity.
Also known as:
Stone sealing
Related terms:
Sedimentary Stones
Rocks formed by sediment accumulation.
Category:
Stone Type
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Stones created through the natural deposition and compaction of minerals and organic materials, including sandstone, limestone, and travertine.
Also known as:
Layered stones
Related terms:
Serpentine
Green mineral with smooth texture.
Category:
Mineral
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Setter
Skilled craftsman installing stone or tile.
Category:
Profession
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A professional trained in placing and securing stone, tile, or masonry units accurately during installation.
Also known as:
Stone installer
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Shale
Soft layered sedimentary rock.
Category:
Stone Type
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A fine-grained sedimentary rock formed from compacted clay or mud, splitting easily into thin plates. Not as hard as slate.
Also known as:
Layered claystone
Related terms:
Slate
Fine-grained metamorphic stone that splits easily.
Category:
Stone Type
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A dense, fine-grained metamorphic rock formed from shale, known for its ability to split into thin, flat sheets. Common for roofing and flooring.
Also known as:
Metamorphic slate
Related terms:
Soundness
Measure of stone’s structural integrity.
Category:
Material Properties
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A classification describing the cracks, flaws, and structural condition of stone and its resistance to weathering or stress.
Also known as:
Stone integrity
Related terms:
Spall
Fragment breaking off a larger stone.
Category:
Damage Type
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A chip or splinter that breaks away from stone due to weathering, impact, or structural weakness.
Also known as:
Stone chip
Related terms:
Stone Care and Maintenance
Practices for keeping stone clean and protected.
Category:
Care & Maintenance
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The routine cleaning, resealing, and upkeep procedures required to maintain natural stone surfaces and prevent damage.
Also known as:
Stone maintenance
Related terms:
Stunned Crystals
Whitish stress marks in stone.
Category:
Damage Type
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Whitish or cloudy marks in stone created when crystal structures are damaged by force, impact, or thermal stress.
Also known as:
Stress marks
Related terms:
T
TCA (Tile Council of America)
Authority on tile installation standards.
Category:
Industry Organization
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A leading industry body providing installation guidelines, testing methods, and standards for ceramic and porcelain tiles.
Also known as:
Tile Council of America
Related terms:
Template
Pattern used for shaping stone or layouts.
Category:
Fabrication
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A physical or digital pattern used to replicate shapes, cutouts, or installation layouts accurately in stone fabrication.
Also known as:
Pattern guide
Related terms:
Terrazzo
Composite flooring with stone chips.
Category:
Flooring
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A durable flooring material made by setting marble or granite chips in cement or resin, then polishing to a smooth surface.
Also known as:
Chip flooring
Related terms:
Texture
Surface feel and appearance of stone.
Category:
Material Properties
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The tactile and visual qualities of a stone surface, ranging from smooth to rough depending on finishing methods.
Also known as:
Surface feel
Related terms:
Textured Finish
Stone surface with intentional roughness.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A finish created through hammering, chiseling, brushing, or other techniques to produce a non-smooth surface.
Also known as:
Rough finish
Related terms:
Thermal Finish
Flame-applied rough surface finish.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A non-slip finish created by exposing stone to intense heat, causing the surface to burst and form a textured appearance.
Also known as:
Flamed finish
Related terms:
Thin Stone
Stone veneer less than 2 inches thick.
Category:
Stone Application
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Natural stone cut into panels less than 2 inches thick, used as lightweight cladding for interior and exterior walls.
Also known as:
Thin veneer
Related terms:
Threshold
Flat stone strip under doorways.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A horizontal stone slab placed between rooms at a doorway, providing both function and aesthetic transition.
Also known as:
Door sill
Related terms:
Tile
Thin pieces of ceramic, porcelain, or stone.
Category:
Tile & Mosaic
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Flat modular units made from ceramic, porcelain, natural stone, or composites used for flooring, walls, and countertops.
Also known as:
Floor tile
Wall tile
Related terms:
Tolerance
Allowed variation in stone size.
Category:
Measurement
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Permissible deviation from specified dimensions during stone fabrication and installation.
Also known as:
Dimensional allowance
Related terms:
Translucence
Ability of stone to transmit light.
Category:
Material Properties
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A property of certain stones, such as onyx and some quartzites, where diffused light can pass through their crystalline structure.
Also known as:
Light transmission
Related terms:
Travertine
Porous limestone formed near hot springs.
Category:
Stone Type
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Tumble Finish
Soft, weathered look from mechanical tumbling.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A textured finish created by tumbling stone pieces in a drum with abrasives to produce rounded edges and a worn surface.
Also known as:
Tumbled finish
Related terms:
Tumbled Travertine
Travertine with rounded edges and aged texture.
Category:
Surface Finish
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Travertine treated in a tumbling process to create an antique, rustic look with softened corners.
Also known as:
Antiqued travertine
Related terms:
Tumbler
Rotating drum that creates tumbled finishes.
Category:
Tool
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A machine that rotates stone pieces with grit and abrasives to achieve rounded edges and textured surfaces.
Also known as:
Tumbling drum
Related terms:
U
V
Vein
Natural mineral streak in stone.
Category:
Material Properties
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A naturally occurring band, streak, or line of contrasting mineral content within stone, creating patterns and character.
Also known as:
Mineral streak
Related terms:
Vein Cut
Stone cut perpendicular to natural layers.
Category:
Cut Style
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A cutting technique where stone is sliced perpendicular to its natural bedding, exposing linear and parallel vein patterns.
Also known as:
Cross-vein cut
Related terms:
Veneer
Thin layer of stone used on walls.
Category:
Stone Application
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A thin facing of natural stone applied to vertical surfaces for decorative or architectural purposes, typically less than 2 inches thick.
Also known as:
Stone facing
Related terms:
Vitrification
Fusing clay particles through high heat.
Category:
Material Properties
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The process in which extreme heat causes clay or minerals to fuse into a glass-like, non-porous structure, common in porcelain.
Also known as:
Heat fusion
Related terms:
Voussoir
Wedge-shaped stone used in arches.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A tapered stone used in constructing arches, with the keystone at the top locking all voussoirs into place.
Also known as:
Arch wedge
Related terms:
Vug
Natural cavity in stone, sometimes with crystals.
Category:
Material Properties
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A small cavity or hollow in rock, often lined with mineral crystals, commonly seen in geodes and some stone formations.
Also known as:
Stone cavity
Related terms:
W
Wall Tile
Tiles used on vertical wall surfaces.
Category:
Tile & Mosaic
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Tiles designed specifically for vertical applications such as kitchen backsplashes, bathroom walls, and shower enclosures.
Also known as:
Vertical tile
Related terms:
Warped
Stone or tile bent or twisted from flatness.
Category:
Defect
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A natural or installation-related condition where stone or tile is no longer perfectly flat due to internal stress, moisture, or improper finishing.
Also known as:
Distorted surface
Related terms:
Wash
Sloped area designed for water runoff.
Category:
Drainage
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A graded or angled surface in landscaping or masonry that directs water away to prevent pooling or erosion.
Also known as:
Water slope
Related terms:
Water Base
Coating or solution carried in water.
Category:
Chemical
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A type of coating or sealer in which the binder is water-dispersible, making it low-odor and easier to clean.
Also known as:
Water-based coating
Related terms:
Water Mark
Stain caused by minerals or moisture.
Category:
Staining
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Visible discoloration on stone, tile, or wood surfaces caused by evaporated mineral-rich water or prolonged moisture exposure.
Also known as:
Water stain
Related terms:
Water of Crystallization
Water held within a crystal structure.
Category:
Chemical
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Water molecules that are chemically bound within a mineral’s crystal framework, affecting stability and behavior under heat.
Also known as:
Bound water
Related terms:
Waterproofing
Making surfaces resistant to water penetration.
Category:
Care & Maintenance
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The application of membranes, coatings, or treatments that prevent water from penetrating stone, tile, or structural surfaces.
Also known as:
Water sealing
Related terms:
Waxing
Filling stone voids with wax or shellac.
Category:
Restoration
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A traditional technique used to fill small surface imperfections in stone using wax or shellac to improve appearance and smoothness.
Also known as:
Wax filling
Related terms:
Wear
Surface erosion from friction or impact.
Category:
Material Properties
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Loss of material from stone surfaces due to foot traffic, abrasion, or mechanical impact over time.
Also known as:
Surface erosion
Related terms:
Weathered Joint
Mortar joint sloped outward for water shedding.
Category:
Joint Type
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A mortar joint shaped with an outward and downward slope to help shed rainwater away from masonry surfaces.
Also known as:
Sloped joint
Related terms:
Weathering
Surface changes caused by natural elements.
Category:
Material Properties
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The gradual breakdown or alteration of stone surfaces due to exposure to wind, rain, temperature changes, and chemical reactions.
Also known as:
Surface aging
Related terms:
Wedging
Splitting stone using driven wedges.
Category:
Quarrying
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Weep Holes
Openings that allow trapped moisture to escape.
Category:
Drainage
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Small gaps or holes in masonry designed to release accumulated moisture and prevent internal water damage.
Also known as:
Drain holes
Related terms:
Wetting
Ability of a coating to spread across a surface.
Category:
Chemical
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A chemical behavior describing how well a liquid coating or film spreads over and adheres to a stone or tile surface.
Also known as:
Surface coverage
Related terms:
Wholesaler
Business that buys products to resell.
Category:
Commerce
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A company or individual who purchases stone, tile, or construction materials in bulk for resale to retailers or distributors.
Also known as:
Distributor
Related terms:
Wind (Wined)
Warp in a semi-finished stone slab.
Category:
Defect
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A slight twist or warp found in a semi-finished slab that is typically corrected during further fabrication.
Also known as:
Stone warp
Related terms:
Window Sill
Horizontal stone ledge beneath a window.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A horizontal stone or wood slab placed at the base of a window opening to support the frame and shed water outward.
Also known as:
Sill stone
Related terms:
Window Stool
Interior horizontal shelf at a window base.
Category:
Architectural Element
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A narrow inside ledge installed across the lower interior portion of a window opening, often decorative.
Also known as:
Interior sill
Related terms:
Wire Saw
Saw using abrasive-coated wire for cutting stone.
Category:
Tool
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A quarrying and fabrication tool that uses a moving wire coated with abrasives or diamonds to cut stone blocks and slabs.
Also known as:
Diamond wire saw
Related terms:
Wire Sawn
Finish or cut produced using a wire saw.
Category:
Surface Finish
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A stone surface or slab cut with a wire saw, typically leaving a uniform, slightly textured finish.
Also known as:
Wire-cut finish
Related terms:
Wrap Around
Coating or film covering all edges and sides.
Category:
Coating Property
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The ability of a sealing or finishing product to cover the entire surface of the material, including edges, corners, and uneven profiles.
Also known as:
Full coverage
Related terms: